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The BBC's Sanjoy Majumder says the execution took place in "utmost secrecy"
Mohammad Ajmal Amir Qasab, the sole surviving gunman from the 2008 Mumbai attacks, has been hanged.
The Pakistani national's plea for mercy to Indian President Pranab Mukherjee was rejected earlier this month.
He was executed in prison in Pune early on Wednesday, the Home Ministry said.
The 60-hour siege of Mumbai began on 26 November 2008. Attacks on the railway station, luxury hotels and a Jewish cultural centre claimed 166 lives. Nine gunmen were also killed.
Qasab and an accomplice carried out the assault on the main railway station, killing 52 people.
He was convicted of murder and other crimes in May 2010. The Supreme Court upheld his death sentence in August.
AT THE SCENE
Yogita Limaye BBC News, Pune
Since news of Ajmal Qasab's execution has spread, people have started gathering outside the Yerawada prison in Pune.
Most of them appear to be affiliated to Hindu nationalist parties and have been chanting patriotic slogans, distributing toffees and even sugar to celebrate the event.
Security has been stepped up outside the jail, which is where Qasab's body has been buried.
Elsewhere in the city of Pune, political parties have planned events to pay tribute to security personnel and civilians who lost their lives in the Mumbai attacks.
'Need for secrecy'
RR Patil, Home Minister of Maharashtra state of which Mumbai is the capital, said Qasab was hanged in the Yerawada prison at 0730 (0200 GMT).
"This is a tribute to all innocent people and police officers who lost their lives in this heinous attack on our nation," Mr Patil was quoted as telling reporters by the Associated Press news agency.
Qasab did not leave behind a will and was buried inside the jail, Maharashtra Chief Minister Prithviraj Chavan said.
Senior officials in Delhi said Qasab's family members had been informed about the execution "through a letter sent by courier".
In Delhi, federal Home Minister Sushil Kumar Shinde said he signed Qasab's execution order on 7 November, two days after President Pranab Mukherjee rejected his clemency petition.
Qasab, who had been held in Mumbai's Arthur Road jail, was moved to Pune's Yerawada prison two days ago, Prithviraj Chavan said.
"Start Quote
End QuoteMany believe the government, beset by allegations of scandal and inaction, timed the execution perfectly"
"We kept secrecy. It was important to maintain secrecy in this matter," Mr Shinde said, adding that Pakistan had been informed of the execution.
The Indian government was under pressure to act against a man who carried out one of the deadliest attacks in the country, says the BBC's Sanjoy Majumder in Delhi.
But the swiftness and secrecy in which the execution took place would have come as a surprise to many, our correspondent adds.
Major political parties in India welcomed Qasab's execution.
A spokesperson for the main opposition Bharatiya Janata Party, Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi, said the execution would send a message to India's enemies.
"The hanging of Qasab is a case of better late than never. It also sends out a strong message and warning to India's enemies and to forces across the border that are running factories of terrorism," he said.
Commenting on Qasab's execution, Pakistan's Foreign Ministry spokesman Moazzam Ali Khan said: "We condemned terrorism in all its forms and manifestation... We are willing to co-operate and work closely with all countries of the region to eliminate the scourge of terrorism."
Qasab, the Mumbai gunman
- Pakistani citizen from Punjab province.
- Reports say he received little education, and spent his youth alternating between labouring and petty crime
- Was 21 years old when he carried out the attacks in Mumbai in 2008
- India says he was trained for Mumbai operation by Lashkar-e-Taiba group in a remote camp
- Captured on camera at the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, a slight figure in combat trousers and a sweatshirt, clutching an assault rifle
- Prosecutors said he had confessed but his lawyers then said his statement had been coerced, and it was retracted
But Pakistan-based banned militant group Lashkar-e-Taiba [LeT], which was blamed for the Mumbai attacks, hailed Qasab as a "hero". He would "inspire other fighters to follow his path", an unnamed LeT commander was quoted by Reuters as saying.
The Pakistani Taliban were "shocked" by the hanging, Reuters quoted Taliban spokesman Ehsanullah Ehsan as saying.
'Help me get out of jail'There has been no information yet on Qasab's last few days, but his lawyer Raju Ramachandran, who argued his case in the Supreme Court, told Reuters that Qasab was a "worried man" when he last met him in August, before the court upheld his death sentence.
He was scared that he would be hanged and asked the lawyer: "Can you please help me get out of jail?"
Qasab was part of a heavily-armed and well-drilled, 10-member militant unit which arrived in Mumbai by sea on 26 November.
The men split into groups to attack various targets. Their siege of the Taj Mahal Hotel, Oberoi Trident Hotel and a Jewish centre went on for more than two days.
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Hotel guests spoke to the BBC about their ordeal at the time of the attack
Closed-circuit TV camera showed Qasab and an accomplice opening fire on passengers at one of Mumbai's busiest train stations, Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus.
Relations between India and Pakistan deteriorated sharply after India blamed Lashkar-e-Taiba for the attacks.
After initial denials, Pakistan acknowledged that the assault had been partially planned on its territory and that Qasab was a Pakistani citizen. Ties have been gradually improving since then.
Qasab's execution was the first in India since a man convicted of raping and killing a schoolgirl was hanged in the eastern city of Calcutta in 2004.
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